Retrospective Analysis of Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns in Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Blood Isolates

Authors

• Helman Kurniadi, Magister Farmasi, Universitas Pancasila, Indonesia AND Program Studi Pendidikan Profesi Apoteker, Universitas Adiwangsa Jambi, IndonesiaFollow
• Timbul Partogi Haposan Simorangkir, RSPAD Gatot Soebroto, Indonesia
• Ros Sumarny, Magister Farmasi, Universitas Pancasila, Indonesia
• Fitria Heldiana, UPTD Puskesmas Enok, Indonesia

Abstract

Bloodstream infections are an important cause of morbidity and mortality, while antimicrobial resistance limits treatment options. This retrospective study evaluated bacterial distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility in blood cultures at RSPAD Gatot Soebroto, Jakarta, using microbiology and medical record data from January-December 2019. Clinically significant isolates were included, while duplicates and contaminants were excluded. Identification and susceptibility testing followed standard procedures and CLSI 2019 guidelines. Data were analyzed descriptively. Among 482 isolates, 246 (51.0%) were Gram-positive and 236 (49.0%) were Gram-negative. The Gram-positive isolates were mainly coagulase-negative staphylococci, including Staphylococcus epidermidis (62, 25.2%), S. hominis (61, 24.8%), and S. haemolyticus (50, 20.3%), followed by S. aureus (40, 16.3%) and Enterococcus faecalis (33, 13.4%). All tested Gram-positive isolates were susceptible to vancomycin and linezolid. Among Gram-negative isolates, Klebsiella pneumoniae (108, 45.8%) and Escherichia coli (60, 25.4%) were most common. Ceftriaxone susceptibility was 7.9% in K. pneumoniae and 29.2% in E. coli, whereas meropenem susceptibility was 47.7% and 97.9%, respectively. Acinetobacter spp. showed reduced susceptibility to several tested agents, with the highest susceptibility observed for tigecycline (67.6%). The high level of resistance among several Gram-negative isolates emphasizes the importance of local susceptibility data for antimicrobial selection and stewardship. Further studies involving multiple hospitals and clinical outcomes are needed to better characterize AMR trends and their clinical impact.

Recommended Citation

Kurniadi, Helman; Simorangkir, Timbul Partogi Haposan; Sumarny, Ros; and Heldiana, Fitria (2026) "Retrospective Analysis of Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns in Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Blood Isolates," Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy Research: Vol. 11: Iss. 2, Article 4.
Available at: https://journal.unpad.ac.id/pcpr/vol11/iss2/4

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