•  
  •  
 

Abstract

This study explores the policy and regulatory frameworks concerning cyber espionage within Indonesia and Germany. Given the considerable threats cyber espionage poses to national security and economic interests, it is crucial for nations to formulate thorough strategies to mitigate such risks. Through a comparative analysis of Indonesia and Germany—two countries with distinct geopolitical stances and methodologies regarding cybersecurity and espionage—the research delves into the legal, political, and technological factors influencing their cyber espionage policies. The methodology includes a comprehensive review of legislative measures, governmental strategies, and the response of institutions to cyber espionage in both nations. The objective is to discern the similarities, differences, and effectiveness of the policies and regulations of these countries. This comparison sheds light on the adequacy of Indonesian legislation in combating cybercrime, especially cyber espionage. The study reveals that Indonesia's legal infrastructure for cybercrime is markedly underdeveloped compared to Germany's, where stringent and well-articulated regulations are in place, facilitating precise and efficient management of cyber issues. Thus, the study underscores an urgent need for Indonesia to reform its cybercrime laws, focusing on cyber espionage, among other cyber threats, while continuing to enhance the quality of its human resources.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v11n1.a6

References

Books

Hore, Somosri and Kumarshankar Raychaudhuri (ed.) “Cyber Espionage—An Ethical Analysis.” In Manoj Kumar Sharma (et.al.) Innovations in Computational Intelligence and Computer Vision. Singapore: Springer, 2021.

Hutabarat, Sumiaty Adelina (et.al.) CYBER-LAW: Quo Vadis Regulasi UU ITE Dalam Revolusi Industri 4.0 Menuju Era Society 5.0. Jambi: PT Sonpedia Publishing Indonesia, 2023.

Kalisz, Aleksander. “Public-Private Partnerships on Cybersecurity and International Law: Finding Multilateral Solutions.” In Tomoko Ishikawa and Yarik Kryvoi (ed.) Public and Private Governance of Cybersecurity: Challenges and Potential Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2023.

Lambi, Manuel. Sistem Informasi Manajemen Al (Artificial intelligence) as the Future Management Information System. Ponorogo: Uwais Inspirasi Indonesia, 2023.

Maskun (et.al.) Korelasi Kejahatan Siber dan Kejahatan Agresi Dalam Perkembangan Hukum Internasional. Makassar: CV Nas Media Pustaka, 2020.

Nugraha, Leonardus K. and Dinita A Putri. Mapping the Cyber Policy Landscape: Indonesia. London: Global Partners Digital, 2016.

Nugroho, Catur. Cyber Society: Teknologi, Media Baru, dan Disrupsi Informasi. Jakarta: Prenada Media, 2020.

Radoniewicz, Filip. “Cybercrime in Selected European Countries.” In Katarzyna Chałubińska-Jentkiewicz, Filip Radoniewicz, and Tadeusz Zieliński. Cybersecurity in Poland (ed.) Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022.

Rawat, Romil (et.al.) “Artificial Cyber Espionage Based Protection of Technological Enabled Automated Cities Infrastructure by Dark Web Cyber Offender.” In Fadi Al-Turjman, Anand Nayyar, Ajantha Devi, and Piyush Kumar Shukla. Intelligence of Things: AI-IoT Based Critical-Applications and Innovations. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021.

Schallbruch, Martin and Isabel Skierka. Cybersecurity in Germany. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018.

Shipley, Todd G. and Art Bowker. Investigating Internet Crimes: An Introduction to Solving Crimes in Cyberspace. Oxford: Syngress Publishing, 2013.

Wibowo, Sastya Hendri (et.al.) Cyber Crime di Era Digital. Padang: PT. Global Eksekutif Teknologi, 2022.

Other Documents

Anjani, Noor Halimah. “Cybersecurity Protection in Indonesia.” Policy Brief Center for Indonesian Policy Studies (CIPS) Jakarta, no. 9 (2021): 1–12.

Adenansi, Retno and Lia Ayu Novarina. “Malware Dynamic.” JoEICT (Journal of Education and ICT) 1, no. 1 (2017): 37–43. https://doi.org/10.29100/.v1i1.91.

Aulianisa, Sarah Safira and Indirwan Indirwan. “Critical Review of the Urgency of Strengthening the Implementation of Cyber Security and Resilience in Indonesia.” Lex Scientia Law Review 4, no. 1 (2020): 33–48. https://doi.org/10.15294/lesrev.v4i1.38197.

Barrinha, André and Thomas Renard. “Cyber-Diplomacy: The Making of an International Society in the Digital Age.” Global Affairs 3, no. 4–5 (2017): 353–3 364. https://doi.org/10.1080/23340460.2017.1414924.

Bawono, Bambang Tri. “Reformation of Law Enforcement of Cyber Crime in Indonesia.” Jurnal Pembaharuan Hukum 6, no. 3 (2019): 332–349. https://doi.org/10.26532/jph.v6i3.9633.

BBC News. “German Cyber Officials Defend Handling of Mass Data Attack.” Accessed on January 5, 2019. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-46768990.

Botua, Hafidz L., Chloryne Trie Isana Dewi, and R. Achmad Gusman Catur Siswandi. “Wiretapping on Submarine Communications Cable: Questioning Its Legality Amidst Long Standing Practice.” Padjadjaran Journal of International Law 6, no. 1 (2022): 20–42. https://doi.org/10.23920/pjil.v6i1.772.

Caldwell, M. (et.al.) “AI-Enabled Future Crime.” Crime Science 9, no. 1 (2020): 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40163-020-00123-8.

Chotimah, Hidayat Chusnul. “Tata Kelola Keamanan Siber Dan Diplomasi Siber Indonesia Di Bawah Kelembagaan Badan Siber Dan Sandi Negara [Cyber Security Governance and Indonesian Cyber Diplomacy by National Cyber and Encryption Agency].” Jurnal Politica Dinamika Masalah Politik Dalam Negeri dan Hubungan Internasional 10, no. 2 (2019): 113–128. https://doi.org/10.22212/jp.v10i2.1447.

Cristani, Federica. “Economic Cyber-Espionage in the Visegrád Four Countries: A Hungarian Perspective.” Politics in Central Europe 17, no. 4 (2021): 697–721. https://doi.org/10.2478/pce-2021-0037.

Datta, Priyanka (et.al.) “A Technical Review Report on Cyber Crimes in India.” 2020 International Conference on Emerging Smart Computing and Informatics (ESCI) (2020): 269–275. https://doi.org/10.1109/ESCI48226.2020.9167567.

Dewi, Maharani Chandra. “Cyber Espionage in National and Global Perspective: How Indonesia Deal with This Issue?” International Law Discourse in Southeast Asia 1, no. 1 (2022): 1–22. https://doi.org/10.15294/ildisea.v1i1.56874.

Dilek, Esma, and Ozgur Talih. “Overview of Cyber Espionage Incidents and Analysis of Tackling Methods.” 2022 15th International Conference on Information Security and Cryptography (ISCTURKEY) (2022): 55–60. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISCTURKEY56345.2022.9931893.

Drouin, Michelle, Brandon T. McDaniel, Jessica Pater, and Tammy Toscos. “How Parents and Their Children Used Social Media and Technology at the Beginning of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Associations with Anxiety.” Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking 23, no. 11 (2020): 727–736. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2020.0284.

Dwi Hastri, Evi. “Cyber Espionage Sebagai Ancaman Terhadap Pertahanan dan Keamanan Negara Indonesia.” Law & Justice Review Journal 1, no. 1 (2021): 12–25. https://doi.org/10.11594/lrjj.01.01.03.

Fransiska, Futri Bela and Fredy BL Tobing. “Securing Indonesia Cyber Space: Strategies for Cyber Security in the Digital Era.” Jurnal Studi Sosial dan Politik 7, no. 1 (2023): 50–62. https://doi.org/10.19109/jssp.v7i1.1592.

Grotto, Andrew J. and Martin Schallbruch. “Cybersecurity and the Risk Governance Triangle: Cybersecurity Governance from a Comparative U.S.–German Perspective.” International Cybersecurity Law Review 2, no. 1 (2021): 77–92. https://doi.org/10.1365/s43439-021-00016-9.

Hamdan Mustameer. “Penegakan Hukum Nasional Dan Hukum Internasional Terhadap Kejahatan Cyber Espionage Pada Era Society 5.0.” Jurnal Yustika: Media Hukum Dan Keadilan 25, no. 1 (2022): 40–53. https://doi.org/10.24123/yustika.v25i01.5090.

Iqbal, Muhammad and Nyoman Serikat Putra Jaya. “Development of Cyber Crime and Its Regulations in Indonesia.” International Journal of Social Science and Human Research 4, no. 2 (2021): 141–147. https://doi.org/10.47191/ijsshr/v4-i2-04.

Javaheri, Danial, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, and Amir Masoud Rahmani. “Detection and Elimination of Spyware and Ransomware by Intercepting Kernel-Level System Routines.” IEEE Access 6 (2018): 78321–78232. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2884964.

Kara, Ilker. “Cyber-Espionage Malware Attacks Detection and Analysis: A Case Study.” Journal of Computer Information Systems 62, no. 6 (2022): 1253–1270. https://doi.org/10.1080/08874417.2021.2004566.

Khan, W.Z. (et.al.) “Industrial Internet of Things: Recent Advances, Enabling Technologies and Open Challenges.” Computers & Electrical Engineering 81 (2020): 106522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compeleceng.2019.106522.

Lallie, Harjinder Singh (et.al.) “Cyber Security in the Age of COVID-19: A Timeline and Analysis of Cyber-Crime and Cyber-Attacks During the Pandemic.” Computers & Security 105 (2021): 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2021.102248.

Leinhos, Ludwig. “Cyber Defence in Germany: Challenges and the Way Forward for the Bundeswehr.” Connections: The Quarterly Journal 19, no. 1 (2020): 9–19. https://doi.org/10.11610/Connections.19.1.02.

Lestari, Elva Azzahra Puji. “Complex Interdependence Between Indonesia-Australia Through Cybersecurity Cooperation Post Indonesia Australia Cyber War in 2013.” Jurnal Hubungan Internasional UMY 9, no. 2 (2021): 178–188. https://doi.org/10.18196/hi.v9i21.10522.

Lin, Danping, C.K.M. Lee, Henry Lau, and Yang Yang. “Strategic Response to Industry 4.0: An Empirical Investigation on the Chinese Automotive Industry.” Industrial Management & Data Systems 118, no. 3 (2018): 589–605. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-09-2017-0403.

Marune, Abraham Ethan Martupa Sahat, and Brandon Hartanto. “Strengthening Personal Data Protection, Cyber Security, and Improving Public Awareness in Indonesia: Progressive Legal Perspective.” International Journal of Business, Economics, and Social Development 2, no. 4 (2021): 143–152. https://doi.org/10.46336/ijbesd.v2i4.17.

Mulyadi, and Dwi Rahayu. “Indonesia National Cybersecurity Review: Before and After Establishment National Cyber and Crypto Agency (BSSN).” 2018 6th International Conference on Cyber and IT Service Management (CITSM) Parapat, Indonesia (2018): 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/CITSM.2018.8674265.

Nugraha, Y. “The Future of Cyber Security Capacity in Indonesia.” Oxford University Research Archive (2016): 23-78.

Poli, Sara, and Emanuele Sommario. “The Rationale and the Perils of Failing to Invoke State Responsibility for Cyber-Attacks: The Case of the EU Cyber Sanctions.” German Law Journal 24, no. 3 (2023): 522–536. https://doi.org/10.1017/glj.2023.25.

Raharjo, Agus (et.al.) “The Legal Policy of Criminal Justice Bureaucracy Cybercrime.” BESTUUR 10, no. 2 (2022): 105-122. https://doi.org/10.20961/bestuur.v10i2.64498.

Ray, Vicky and Kaoru Hayashi. “Tracking Ocean Lotus’ New Downloader, KerrDown.” Accessed on February 1, 2019. https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/tracking-oceanlotus-new-downloader-kerrdown/.

Rijal, Muhammad, Amil Ahmad Ilham, and Ady Wahyudi Paundu. “Evaluasi Algoritma Klasifikasi Dengan Berbagai Metode Seleksi Fitur Untuk Mendeteksi Aktivitas Trojan.” Jurnal Pekommas 7, no. 2 (2022): 85–97.

Satria Unggul, Wicaksana Prakasa, and P.E. Noviandy. “Analysist of Cyber Espionage in International Law and Indonesian Law.” Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 7, no. 3 (2019): 38–44.

Sensuse, Dana Indra (et.al.) “Initial Cybersecurity Framework in the New Capital City of Indonesia: Factors, Objectives, and Technology.” Information 13, no. 12 (2022): 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3390/info13120580.

Setiyawan, Anang. “National Cybersecurity Policy in the US and Indonesia.” UNTAG Law Review 3, no. 1 (2019): 71–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.56444/ulrev.v3i1.1071.

Siahaan, Andysah Putera Utama. “Pelanggaran Cybercrime dan Kekuatan Yurisdiksi di Indonesia.” Jurnal Teknik Dan Informatika 5, no. 1 (2018): 6–9.

Solomon, Edna Maeyen, and Aaron Van Klyton. “The Impact of Digital Technology Usage on Economic Growth in Africa.” Utilities Policy 67 (2020): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2020.101104.

Sudarmadi, Damar Apri and Arthur Josias Simon Runturambi. “Strategi Badan Siber Dan Sandi Negara (BSSN) Dalam Menghadapi Ancaman Siber di Indonesia.” Jurnal Kajian Stratejik Ketahanan Nasional 2, no. 2 (2019): 157–78.

Sviatun, Olena V. (et.al.) “Combating Cybercrime: Economic and Legal Aspects.” WSEAS Transactions on Business and Economics 18 (2021): 751–762. https://doi.org/10.37394/23207.2021.18.72.

Tumkevič, A. “Uncertain Security Community: Building Western Cyber-Security Order.” Journal of Information Warfare 17, no. 1 (2018): 74–86.

Vakulyk, Olga (et.al.) “Cybersecurity as a Component of the National Security of the State.” Journal of Security and Sustainability Issues 9, no. 3 (2020): 775–784. https://doi.org/10.9770/jssi.2020.9.3(4.

Yeboah-Ofori, Abel, J Abdulai, and Ferdinand Katsriku. “Cybercrime and Risks for Cyber Physical Systems.” International Journal of Cyber-Security and Digital Forensics (IJCSDF) 8, no. 1 (2019): 43–57. https://doi.org/10.17781/P002556.

Yerjanov, Timur Keldeshevich (et.al.) “Legal Issues Related to Combating Cybercrime: Experience of the Republic of Kazakhstan.” Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics 8, no. 7 (2017): 2286–2301. https://doi.org/10.14505/jarle.v8.7(29).29.

Yulianto, Anggoro. “Cybersecurity Policy and Its Implementation in Indonesia.” Law Research Review Quarterly 7, no. 1 (2021): 69–82. https://doi.org/10.15294/lrrq.v7i1.4319.

Legal Document

Law Number 1 of 2023 on Indonesian Criminal Code [Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana].

DOI

https://doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v11n1.a6

Download

Share

COinS