Robot Prosecutors and the Future of Criminal Justice in Indonesia: Innovation, Ethics, and Legal Implications

Authors

Kurnia Dewi Anggraeny, Lecturer at the faculty of Law, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Jalan Ahmad Yani, Tamanan, Banguntapan, Bantul Yogyakarta 55166, Indonesia. S.H., M.H. (Universitas Ahmad Dahlan)Follow
Zico Junius Fernando, Lecturer at the faculty of Law, Universitas Bengkulu, Jalan W.R. Supratman, Kandang Limun, Kecamatan Muara Bangkahulu, Bengkulu, 38122, Indonesia. S.H., M.H. (Universitas Bengkulu)Follow
Kasmanto Rinaldi, Lecturer at the faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Islam Riau, Jalan Kaharuddin Nasution 113, Pekanbaru 28284 Indonesia. Dr., S.H., M.H. (Universitas Islam Riau)Follow

Abstract

Robot prosecutors represent the integration of robotic technology and artificial intelligence (AI) into the traditional role of a prosecutor, reflecting the global trend towards automation and the application of technology within the legal system. This concept is no longer merely a theoretical; it has begun to materialize in certain jurisdictions. For instance, China has emerged as a pioneer in this field by successfully developing an innovative AI program capable of not only of identifying crimes through detailed data analysis but also of filing appropriate lawsuits. This progress underscores the immense potential of this technology to enhance efficiency and accuracy in judicial processes, while simultaneously raising significant questions about ethics, transparency, and justice. This study employed normative methods and utilizing several approaches, including comparative, conceptual, and futuristic approaches. Qualitative analysis was applied to the collected materials; and content analysis was used to classify legal materials. The findings emphasize that while robot prosecutors can improve efficiency in handling routine and data-driven cases, their role should not replace human judgment in more complex and ethically sensitive cases. The legal system must ensure a balance between technological advancements and fundamental principles of justice. Collaboration between AI and human prosecutors, guided by clear protocols, is essential to maintain fairness and ethical integrity, particularly in cases involving moral and social considerations. Thus, Indonesia’s approach to integrating robot prosecutors should focus on establishing transparent oversight mechanisms and protecting the rights of defendants, particularly the right to appeal, to ensure that technological advancements support rather than compromise justice. The adoption of robot prosecutors in Indonesia has the potential to revolutionize the legal landscape. However, it must be pursued cautiously, taking into account both the technological benefits and the human values that underpin justice.

Recommended Citation

Anggraeny, Kurnia Dewi; Fernando, Zico Junius; and Rinaldi, Kasmanto (2025) "Robot Prosecutors and the Future of Criminal Justice in Indonesia: Innovation, Ethics, and Legal Implications," Padjadjaran Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law): Vol. 12: No. 1, Article 2.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v12n1.a2
Available at: https://journal.unpad.ac.id/pjih/vol12/iss1/2

References

Books

Alison Lui, Nicholas Ryder. FinTech, Artificial Intelligence and the Law. London: Routledge, 2021. DOI: 10.4324/9781003020998.

Ashley, Kevin D. Artificial Intelligence and Legal Analytics: New Tools for Law Practice in the Digital Age. Artificial Intelligence and Legal Analytics: New Tools for Law Practice in the Digital Age. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017. DOI: 10.1017/9781316761380.

Cui, Yadong, Cao Yan, and Liu Yan. Artificial Intelligence and Judicial Modernization. Artificial Intelligence and Judicial Modernization. Springer Singapore, 2019. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9880-4/COVER.

Dennis J. Baker, Paul H. Robinson. Artificial Intelligence and the Law (Cybercrime and Criminal Liability). London: Routledge, 2020. DOI:10.4324/9780429344015.

Dominika Harasimiuk, Tomasz Braun. Regulating Artificial Intelligence. London: Routledge, 2021. DOI: 10.4324/9781003134725.

Hasan Kadir Yılmaztekin. Artificial Intelligence, Design Law and Fashion. London: Routledge, 2022. DOI: 10.4324/9781003355922.

Jinghan Zeng. Artificial Intelligence with Chinese Characteristics: National Strategy, Security and Authoritarian Governance. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan Singapore, 2022. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-0722-7.

Kai-Fu Lee. AI Superpowers—China, Silicon Valley and the New World Order. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2018.

Kamil Mamak. Robotics, AI and Criminal Law. London: Routledge, 2023. DOI: 10.4324/9781003331100.

Pagallo, Ugo. The Laws of Robots - Crimes, Contracts, and Torts. Law, Governance and Technology Series. Springer Netherlands, 2013. DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-6564-1.

William C. Hannas, Huey-Meei Chang. Chinese Power and Artificial Intelligence. London: Routledge, 2022. DOI: 10.4324/9781003212980.

Yadong Cui. Blue Book on AI and Rule of Law in the World. Singapore: Springer, 2022. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-3586-2.

Other Document

Antony Ashkenaz. “China Creates Robot ‘Prosecutor’ to Charge Public with Crimes, Including Political Dissent.” Express.co.uk, 2021. https://www.express.co.uk/news/science/1542035/china-news-robot-prosecutor-public-crimes-robot-police-dissent.

Bakshi, K, and K Bakshi. “Considerations for Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning: Approaches and Use Cases.” In 2018 IEEE Aerospace Conference, 1–9, 2018. DOI: 10.1109/AERO.2018.8396488.

Boni, Michał. “The Ethical Dimension of Human–Artificial Intelligence Collaboration.” European View 20, no. 2 (November 29, 2021): 182–90. DOI: 10.1177/17816858211059249.

Cath, Corinne. “Governing Artificial Intelligence: Ethical, Legal and Technical Opportunities and Challenges.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 376, no. 2133 (November 28, 2018): 1–8. DOI: 10.1098/RSTA.2018.0080.

Chiao, Vincent. “Fairness, Accountability and Transparency: Notes on Algorithmic Decision-Making in Criminal Justice.” International Journal of Law in Context 15, no. 2 (2019): 126–39. DOI: 10.1017/S1744552319000077.

Choirul Arifin. “Canggih, China Kini Punya Robot Jaksa The AI, Sang Pembasmi Kejahatan.” TribunNews.com, 2022. https://www.tribunnews.com/techno/2022/01/04/canggih-china-kini-punya-robot-jaksa-the-ai-sang-pembasmi-kejahatan.

Gabriel, Iason. “Toward a Theory of Justice for Artificial Intelligence.” Daedalus 151, no. 2 (May 1, 2022): 218–31. DOI: 10.1162/daed_a_01911.

Golbin, Ilana, Anand S Rao, Ali Hadjarian, and Daniel Krittman. “Responsible AI: A Primer for the Legal Community.” In 2020 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data), 2121–26, 2020. DOI: 10.1109/BigData50022.2020.9377738.

Hannah Sparks. “China’s AI Attorney Prosecutes Crimes ‘With 97% Accuracy.’” nypost.com, 2021. https://nypost.com/2021/12/27/chinas-ai-attorney-prosecutes-crimes-with-97-accuracy/.

Harianja, Axel Joshua. “ICW: Ada 22 Jaksa Tersandung Kasus Korupsi Sejak 2015.” idntimes.com, 2020. https://www.idntimes.com/news/indonesia/axel-harianja/icw-ada-22-jaksa-tersandung-kasus-korupsi-sejak.

Jesús Salgado-Criado et al. “A Wide Human-Rights Approach to Artificial Intelligence Regulation in Europe.” IEEE Technology and Society Magazine 40, no. 2 (2021): 55–65. DOI: 10.1109/MTS.2021.3056284.

Jinghan Zeng. Artificial Intelligence with Chinese Characteristics: National Strategy, Security and Authoritarian Governance. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan Singapore, 2022. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-0722-7.

Josina. “China Ciptakan Robot Jaksa Dengan Kecerdasan Buatan.” inet.detik.com, 2021. https://inet.detik.com/cyberlife/d-5879191/china-ciptakan-robot-jaksa-dengan-kecerdasan-buatan.

Khisamova, Zarina I., Ildar R. Begishev, and Ramil R. Gaifutdinov. “On Methods to Legal Regulation of Artificial Intelligence in the World.” International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 9, no. 1 (2019): 5159–62. DOI: 10.35940/ijitee.A9220.119119.

Kress-Gazit, Hadas, Kerstin Eder, Guy Hoffman, Henny Admoni, Brenna Argall, Rüdiger Ehlers, Christoffer Heckman, et al. “Formalizing and Guaranteeing Human-Robot Interaction.” Communications of the ACM 64, no. 9 (August 24, 2021): 78–84. DOI: 10.1145/3433637.

Larson, Christina. “China’s AI Imperative.” Science 359, no. 6376 (February 9, 2018): 628–30. DOI: 10.1126/SCIENCE.359.6376.628/ASSET/809F57D1-4F55-4763-B739-81F34CE30224/ASSETS/GRAPHIC/359_628_F3.JPEG.

Lu, Joy, Dokyun (DK) Lee, Tae Wan Kim, and David Danks. “Good Explanation for Algorithmic Transparency.” SSRN Electronic Journal, November 11, 2019, 1–31. DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.3503603.

Lysaght, Tamra, Hannah Yeefen Lim, Vicki Xafis, and Kee Yuan Ngiam. “AI-Assisted Decision-Making in Healthcare: The Application of an Ethics Framework for Big Data in Health and Research.” Asian Bioethics Review 11, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 299–314. DOI: 10.1007/S41649-019-00096-0/METRICS.

Magrabi, Farah, Elske Ammenwerth, Jytte Brender McNair, Nicolet F. De Keizer, Hannele Hyppönen, Pirkko Nykänen, Michael Rigby, et al. “Artificial Intelligence in Clinical Decision Support: Challenges for Evaluating AI and Practical Implications.” Yearbook of Medical Informatics 28, no. 1 (August 1, 2019): 128–34. DOI: 10.1055/S-0039-1677903/ID/JRMAGRABI-28/BIB.

Martsenko, Nataliia. “Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights: A Scientific Review of Impacts and Interactions.” Studia Prawnoustrojowe, no. 58 (December 19, 2022): 1–10. DOI: 10.31648/SP.8245.

Mingtsung, Chen, and Li Shuling. “Research on the Application of Artificial Intelligence Technology in the Field of Justice.” Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1570, no. 1 (2020): 1–8. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/1570/1/012047.

Mitchell, Faye Rona. An Overview of Artificial Intelligence Based Pattern Matching in a Security and Digital Forensic Context. Cyberpatterns: Unifying Design Patterns with Security and Attack Patterns. Vol. 9783319044. Springer International Publishing, 2014. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-04447-7_17/COVER.

Mohamed Gamil Zakaria. “AI Applications in the Criminal Justice System: The Next Logical Step or Violation of Human Rights.” Journal of Law and Emerging Technologies 3, no. 2 SE-Conference Research (October 4, 2023): 233–57. DOI: 10.54873/jolets.v3i2.124.

Naik, Nithesh, B. M.Zeeshan Hameed, Dasharathraj K. Shetty, Dishant Swain, Milap Shah, Rahul Paul, Kaivalya Aggarwal, et al. “Legal and Ethical Consideration in Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare: Who Takes Responsibility?” Frontiers in Surgery 9, no. March (2022): 1–6. DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.862322.

Naufal Mamduh. “RoboCop Is Real! China Kerahkan Robot Untuk Tumpas Kejahatan.” Telset.id, 2022. https://telset.id/news/science-tech/cina-ciptakan-robot-jaksa/.

Novina Putri Bestari. “China Bikin Jaksa Anti-Sogok Berteknologi AI, RI Minat?” cnbcindonesia.com, 2021. https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/tech/20211231050812-37-303427/china-bikin-jaksa-anti-sogok-berteknologi-ai-ri-minat.

Ntoutsi, Eirini, Pavlos Fafalios, Ujwal Gadiraju, Vasileios Iosifidis, Wolfgang Nejdl, Maria Esther Vidal, Salvatore Ruggieri, et al. “Bias in Data-Driven Artificial Intelligence Systems—An Introductory Survey.” Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery 10, no. 3 (May 1, 2020): 1–14. DOI: 10.1002/WIDM.1356.

Rahel Narda Chaterine, Novianti Setuningsih. “Kejagung Amankan 25 Jaksa ‘Nakal’ Yang Salah Gunakan Wewenang Sepanjang 2022.” Kompas.com, 2023. https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2023/01/02/12365021/kejagung-amankan-25-jaksa-nakal-yang-salah-gunakan-wewenang-sepanjang-2022.

Reed, Chris. “How Should We Regulate Artificial Intelligence?” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 376, no. 2128 (2018): 1–12. DOI: 10.1098/RSTA.2017.0360.

Rusakova, Ekaterina. “Integration of ‘Smart’ Technologies in the Civil Proceedings of the People’s Republic of China.” RUDN Journal of Law 25, no. 3 (August 23, 2021): 622–33. DOI: 10.22363/2313-2337-2021-25-3-622-633.

Scherer, Maxi. “Artificial Intelligence and Legal Decision-Making: The Wide Open?” Journal of International Arbitration, 2019, 539–73. http://www.kluwerlawonline.com/api/Product/CitationPDFURL?file=Journals%5CJOIA%5CJOIA2019028.pdf.

Steinke, Gerhard, Ryan Labrie, and Satadipa Sarkar. “Recommendation for Continuous Ethical Analysis of AI Algorithms.” ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, June 15, 2022, 104–6. DOI: 10.1145/3528580.3532996.

Tara Prasad Sapkota, Shila Kunwar, Mahima Bhattarai, and Shreya Poudel. “Artificial Intelligence That Are Beneficial for Law.” US-China Law Review 17, no. 5 (May 28, 2020): 217–23. DOI: 10.17265/1548-6605/2020.05.004.

Tribunbatam.id. “Sebanyak 101 JAKSA Bermasalah, Begini Penjelasan Jaksa Agung ST Burhanuddin.” Tribunbatam.id, 2021. https://batam.tribunnews.com/2021/07/22/sebanyak-101-jaksa-bermasalah-begini-penjelasan-jaksa-agung-st-burhanuddin.

Zico Junius Fernando et al., “Robot Lawyer in Indonesian Criminal Justice System: Problems and Challenges for Future Law Enforcement,” Lex Scientia Law Review 7, no. 2 (November 14, 2023): 1–24, DOI: 10.15294/LESREV.V7I2.69423.

Ulenaers, Jasper. “The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Right to a Fair Trial: Towards a Robot Judge?” Asian Journal of Law and Economics 11, no. 2 (August 1, 2020): 1–10. DOI: 10.1515/AJLE-2020-0008/MACHINEREADABLECITATION/RIS.

DOI

https://doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v12n1.a2