•  
  •  
 

Ary Aprianto

Abstract

The World Heritage Convention demands its states parties to strengthen mechanisms to conserve and preserve natural and cultural heritage consistently. A party to the Convention, Indonesia faces challenges to maintain the balance of economic, social, and environment considerations, pertaining to policies that affect natural heritage. Nevertheless, Indonesia remains committed to observe the Convention’s rules, including ones on sustainability and conservation. As analyzed through transnational legal process theory, the performance of this commitment helps to internalize the Convention’s rules into domestic context. It is suggested that Indonesia step up its interaction with the Convention’s actors in the hope of expanding the internalization of the Convention since it will help Indonesia to design better nature conservation and preservation mechanism.

Konvensi Warisan Dunia dan Transnational Legal Process untuk Melindungi Alam Indonesia

Abstrak

Konvensi Warisan Dunia menuntut negara-negara pihak konsisten memperkuat mekanisme konservasi dan pelindungan warisan alam dan budaya. Walaupun telah menjadi negara pihak, dalam membuat kebijakan yang berdampak pada warisan alam, Indonesia tetap menghadapi tantangan dalam menjaga keseimbangan antara pertimbangan ekonomi, sosial, dan lingkungan. Namun demikian, Indonesia tetap berkomitmen melaksanakan ketentuan konvensi, termasuk mengenai kelestarian dan konservasi. Setelah dianalisis menggunakan teori transnational legal process, pelaksanaan komitmen ini membantu proses internalisasi ketentuan-ketentuan konvensi ke tataran nasional. Disarankan agar Indonesia meningkatkan interaksi dengan para aktor konvensi guna mendorong proses internalisasi lebih lanjut, karena internalisasi ini membantu Indonesia membuat mekanisme konservasi dan preservasi alam yang lebih baik.

Kata kunci: Konservasi Alam, Konvensi Warisan Dunia, Transnational Legal Process.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v6n3.a4

References

Bibliographies

Books

Beham, Markus P., State Interest and the Source of International Law, Routledge, New York, 2018.

Cassese, Antonio, International Law, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2001.

I.G.N. Anom, The Restoration of Borobudur, UNESCO, Paris, 2005.

Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan, Status Hutan dan Kehutanan Indonesia 2018, Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan, Jakarta, 2018.

Klabbers, Jan, The Concept of Treaty in International Law, Kluwer Law International, The Hague, 1996.

Osipova, Elena (et. al), The Benefit of Natural World Heritage: identifying and assessing ecosystem services and benefits provided by the world’s most iconic natural places, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, 2014.

Osipova, Elena (et. al), IUCN World Heritage Outlook 2: A conservation assessment of all natural World Heritage sites, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, 2017.

Reis, Filipe dos and Oliver Kessler, “Constructivism and the Politics of International Law” in The Oxford Handbook of the Theory of International Law compiled by Anne Orford and Florian Hoffmann (et.al), Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2016.

Roskin, Michael G., “National Interest: From Abstraction to Strategy”, in US Army War College Guide to Strategy compiled by Joseph R. Cerami and James F. Holcomb (et.al), US Army War College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, 2001.

UNESCO (et. al), Preparing World Heritage Nominations, UNESCO, Paris, 2011.

UNESCO (et. al), Managing Cultural World Heritage, UNESCO, Paris, 2013.

UNESCO (et. al), Managing Natural World Heritage, UNESCO, Paris, 2013.

UNESCO, World Heritage – Challenges for the Millennium, UNESCO, Paris, 2018.

Other documents

Abdul Halim, “KLHS, Kewajiban Pemerintah Untuk Lingkungan”, https://www.mongabay.co.id/2017/09/28/klhs-kewajiban-pemerintah-untuk-lingkungan/, accessed on October 1, 2019.

Antaranews, “Pemerintah siapkan perlindungan efektif jaga warisan tambang Ombilin”, https://www.antaranews.com/berita/945031/pemerintah-siapkan-perlindungan-efektif-jaga-warisan-tambang-ombilin, accessed on August 7, 2019.

Antaranews, “Warisan Dunia tambang Ombilin dikelola badan khusus”, https://www.antaranews.com/berita/982520/warisan-dunia-tambang-ombilin-dikelola-badan-khusus?utm_source=antaranews&utm_medium=related&utm_campaign=related_news, accessed on July 29, 2019.

Antaranews, “Berstatus warisan dunia, WALHI minta stop aktivitas pertambangan”, https://www.antaranews.com/berita/944845/berstatus-warisan-dunia-walhi-minta-stop-aktivitas-pertambangan, accessed on August 7, 2019.

Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana, Data Informasi Bencana Indonesia, http://bnpb.cloud/dibi/tabel1a, accessed on August 15, 2019.

Battini, Stefano, “The Procedural Site of Legal Globalization: The Case of the World Heritage Convention”, International Journal of Constitutional Law, Volume 9, No. 2, 2011.

Beritasatu, “Kunjungi Taman Nasional Komodo, Jokowi: Jaga dan Rawat”, https://www.beritasatu.com/nasional/335865/kunjungi-taman-nasional-komodo-jokowi-jaga-dan-rawat, accessed on August 9, 2019;

Berita Raya, ”Kemenko PMK Minta Masyarakat Sadar Pentingnya Warisan Dunia, Ini Penjelasannya”, https://www.beritarayaonline.co.id/kemenko-pmk-minta-masyarakat-sadar-pentingnya-warisan-dunia-ini-penjelasannya/, accessed on October 1, 2019.

Bisnis, “Peta Jalan SDGs Ditargetkan Selesai Tahun Ini”, https://ekonomi.bisnis.com/read/20190121/9/880734/peta-jalan-sdgs-ditargetkan-selesai-tahun-ini, accessed on October 3, 2019.

Bisnistempo, Jokowi Ingin Pariwisata Manggarai Barat Maju dan Berkelas”, https://bisnis.tempo.co/read/1223407/jokowi-ingin-pariwisata-manggarai-barat-maju-dan-berkelas/full&view=ok, accessed on August 11, 2019.

Bisnistempo, “Sri Mulyani: Kerugian akibat bencana alam Rp 22 triliun per tahun”, https://bisnis.tempo.co/read/1132097/sri-mulyani-kerugian-akibat-bencana-alam-rp-22-triliun-per-tahun, accessed on October 2, 2019.

Cakra Dunia, “Wagub: Geothermal di Gayo Lues Dibatalkan”, http://cakradunia.co/news/wagub-geothermal-di-gayo-lues-dibatalkan/index.html, accessed on September 22, 2019.

Capello, H.H. Krill de, “The Creation of United Nations Scientific, Educational, and Cultural Organization”, Journal International Organization, Volume 24, No. 1, 1970.

Chechi, Alessandro, “Non-state Actors and the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention in Asia: achievements, problems, and prospects”, Asian Journal of International Law, Volume 8, No. 2, 2018.

CIFOR, ”Laporan Tahunan 1998”, https://www.cifor.org/publications/Html/AR-98/Bahasa/W-Heritage.html, accessed on October 4, 2019.

CNN Indonesia, “BPJS kesehatan bisa deficit Rp 32,8T jika iuran tak naik”, https://www.cnnindonesia.com/ekonomi/20190827205233-78-425181/bpjs-kesehatan-bisa-defisit-rp328-t-jika-iuran-tak-naik, accessed on September 27, 2019.

Cole, Wade, “Mind the Gap: State Capacity and the Implementation of Human Rights Treaties”, International Organization, Volume 69, No. 2, 2015.

Conradin, Katharina and Urs Wiesmann, “Does World Natural Heritage Status Trigger Sustainable Regional Development Efforts?” Journal on Protected Mountain Areas Research and Management, Volume 6, No. 2, 2014.

Detiknews, “Sawahlunto Jadi Warisan Dunia, Kemendikbud: Ini Kebanggaan Indonesia”, https://news.detik.com/berita/d-4614279/sawahlunto-jadi-warisan-dunia-kemendikbud-ini-kebanggaan-indonesia, accessed on August 8, 2019;

Dwi Munthaha, “Karhutla, Pembusukan Politik, dan Pembangunan Berkelanjutan”, https://news.detik.com/kolom/d-4722672/karhutla-pembusukan-politik-dan-pembangunan-berkelanjutan, accessed on October 4, 2019;

Fraser, Barbara, “Laporan: Hutan bisa berperan membantu menciptakan curah hujan”, https://forestsnews.cifor.org/22472/laporan-hutan-bisa-berperan-membantu-menciptakan-curah-hujan?fnl=id, accessed on September 18, 2019.

Gatra, “Sumbar Komitmen Keluarkan Taman Kerinci Dari Status Bahaya”, https://www.gatra.com/detail/news/439350/lifestyle/sumbar-komitmen-keluarkan-taman-kerinci-dari-status-bahaya, accessed on September 22, 2019.

Guzman, Andrew, “The Consent Problem in International Law”, Berkeley Program in Law and Economics Working Paper Series, Berkeley, 2011.

IUCN, Mission Report – Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatera, 5-11 March 2007, World Heritage Committee document 31 COM, 2007.

IUCN, Mission Report – Aeolian Islands, 21-28 March 2007, World Heritage Committee document 31 COM, 2007.

IUCN, Mission Report – Lorentz National Park, 24 January – 3 February 2011, World Heritage Committee Document 35 COM, 2011.

IUCN, Report on the Mission to Jakarta, from 24 to 30 October 2013, Regarding the Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatera, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, 2013.

IUCN, Mission Report – Lorentz National Park, 11-18 March 2014, World Heritage Committee Document 38 COM, 2014.

IUCN, Mission Report – Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatera, 5-16 April 2018, World Heritage Committee Document 42 COM, 2018.

Kantor Staf Presiden, “Citra Positif Bukan Hanya Logo dan Slogan”, http://ksp.go.id/presiden-jokowi-citra-positif-bukan-hanya-sekedar-logo-dan-slogan/index.html, accessed on August 11 2019.

Katadata, “Menpar: Status internasional Ombilin Sawahlunto bakal tarik wisatawan”, https://katadata.co.id/berita/2019/07/09/menpar-status-internasional-ombilin-sawahlunto-bakal-tarik-wisatawan, accessed on August 7, 2019.

Koh, Harold, “Transnational Legal Process”, Nebraska Law Review, Volume 75, No. 1, 1996.

Koh, Harold, “Why Do Nations Obey International Law”, Yale Law Journal, Volume 106, No. 4, 1997.

Koh, Harold, “Transnational Legal Process after September 11th”, Berkeley Journal of International Law, Volume 22, No. 337, 1994.

Koh, Harold, “Bringing International Law Home”, Houston Law Review, Volume 35, 1998.

Kompas, “WALHI Sebut Pemerintah Tak Tegas Tindak Korporasi yang Terlibat Karhutla”, https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2019/09/13/22412501/walhi-sebut-pemerintah-tak-tegas-tindak-korporasi-yang-terlibat-karhutla, accessed on October 4, 2019.

Meskell, Lynn, “UNESCO’s World Heritage Convention at 40: Challenging the economic and political order of international heritage conservation”, Current Anthropology, Volume 54, No. 2, 2013.

Mongabay, “Situs Warisan Dunia Diupayakan Keluar Dari Status Bahaya, Begini Komitmen Pemerintah”, https://www.mongabay.co.id/2017/08/03/situs-warisan-dunia-diupayakan-keluar-dari-status-bahaya-begini-komitmen-pemerintah/, accessed on September 22, 2019.

Pearce, Fred, “Rivers in the sky: how deforestation is affecting global water cycles”, https://e360.yale.edu/features/how-deforestation-affecting-global-water-cycles-climate-change, accessed on September 18, 2019.

Republika, “BNPB catat kerugian akibat kebakaran hutan 2015 Rp 221 triliun”, https://nasional.republika.co.id/berita/nasional/umum/15/12/20/nzms82359-bnpb-catat-kerugian-akibat-kebakaran-hutan-2015-rp-221-triliun, accessed on October 2, 2015.

Republika, “Presiden Jokowi Soroti Anggaran Riset Rp 24,9 Triliun: Itu Gede Banget”, https://nasional.republika.co.id/berita/nasional/umum/15/12/20/nzms82359-bnpb-catat-kerugian-akibat-kebakaran-hutan-2015-rp-221-triliun, accessed on October 2, 2018.

Republika, “Menko PMK Paparan GRM Untuk Penyelamatan Hutan”, https://www.republika.co.id/berita/nasional/umum/17/08/02/ou1zby313-menko-pmk-paparkan-grm-untuk-penyelamatan-hutan, accessed on October 3, 2019.

Semangatnews, “Gubernur Sumbar: Perlu Komitmen Menjaga Kawasan Warisan Alam Untuk Jaga Kepercayaan UNESCO”, https://www.semangatnews.com/gubernur-sumbar-perlu-komitmen-menjaga-kawasan-warisan-alam-untuk-jaga-kepercayaan-unesco/?page28332434234=5, accessed on August 21, 2019.

Stevens, Caleb J., “Hunting a Dictator as a Transnational Legal Process: The Internalization Problem and the Hissene Habre Case”, Pace International Law Review, Volume 24, No. 1, 2012.

Universitas Gadjah Mada, “80 persen bencana di Indonesia akibat perubahan iklim”, https://ugm.ac.id/id/berita/8496-80-persen-bencana-di-indonesia-akibat-perubahan-iklim, accessed on August 15, 2019

Voice of America Indonesia, “Perubahan Iklim Picu Terjadinya Bencana Alam di Indonesia”, https://www.voaindonesia.com/a/perubahan-iklim-picu-terjadinya-bencana-alam-di-indonesia/2903889.html, accessed on August 15, 2019.

Voice of America Indonesia, “WALHI: Pemerintah Berpihak Pada Kepentingan Bisnis Pelaku Industri Kelapa Sawit”, https://www.voaindonesia.com/a/walhi-pemerintah-berpihak-pada-kepentingan-pelaku-bisnis-industri-kelapa-sawit/4796357.html, accessed on October 1, 2019.

Vrabel, JoAnn, “Tourism at UNESCO World Heritage Sites: Protecting Global Treasures and the Travelers Who Seek Them”, Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, Volume 46, No. 3, 2014.

Legal documents

Law No. 5/1990 on Conservation of Biodiversity and Ecosystem.

Law No.37/1999 on Foreign Relations.

Laws No. 41/1999 and No. 19/2004 on Forestry

Law No.24/2000 on Treaty.

Law No. 17/2007 on Long-term National Development Plan.

Law No. 26/2007 on Spatial Planning.

Law No. 18/2013 on The Prevention of Forest Degradation.

The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development

Paris Agreement

Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction

The World Heritage Convention and its Operational Guidelines.

DOI

https://doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v6n3.a4

Download

Share

COinS