Abstract
Open skies policy is a concept of free market of airline industry. It eliminates single government’s influence in regulation and management of aviation industry. As implemented by the ASEAN Single Aviation Market (ASEAN-SAM) per 2015, the open skies policy aims to increase regional connectivity and regional economic growth by permitting airline industries from each ASEAN member states to fly above the Southeast Asian region without any barriers or restrictions. This policy has raised pros and cons from each ASEAN member state. Indonesia and some other states are still reluctant to adopt the open skies policy. By entering into commercial agreement to open their airspace, each member states will challenge their state sovereignty over the airspace above a state’s territory. This study argues that regional open skies policy provides greater economic advantages for the consumers of airline industry. However, this policy does not parallel to the basic principles of ASEAN. State sovereignty must be preserved in the liberalization that open skies represents. ASEAN Way, though inflexible, assigns member states with full sovereignty, which does not limit open skies policy implementation. This study, then, proposed legal framework through model of regional agreement to compromise between the state sovereignty principles and the regional open skies policy.
Tantangan dan Peluang dalam Pembentukan Kebijakan Ruang Udara Terbuka ASEAN
Abstrak
Kebijakan Udara Terbuka adalah konsep pasar bebas untuk industri penerbangan. Kebijakan ini menghilangkan pengaruh pemerintah dalam mengatur dan mengelola industri penerbangan. Seperti yang diterapkan oleh Pasar Penerbangan Tunggal ASEAN (ASEAN-SAM) pada 2015, Kebijakan Udara Terbuka ditujukan untuk meningkatkan konektivitas regional dan ekonomi regional dengan mengizinkan industri penerbangan dari anggota ASEAN untuk terbang bebas di kawasan Asia tenggara tanpa hambatan. Kebijakan ini telah menimbulkan pro dan kontra dari masing-masing negara anggota ASEAN di mana Indonesia dan beberapa negara masih enggan untuk sepenuhnya mengadopsi Kebijakan Udara Terbuka. Dengan mengadakan perjanjian komersial untuk membuka wilayah udara mereka, setiap negara anggota akan menyerahkan kedaulatan di wilayah udara mereka. Studi ini berpendapat bahwa Kebijakan Udara Terbuka regional memberikan keuntungan ekonomi khususnya bagi konsumen industri penerbangan. Namun, kebijakan ini tidak sejalan dengan prinsip dasar ASEAN. Selain itu, berkurangnya kedaulatan di wilayah udara demi liberalisasi akan merugikan negara. ASEAN Way, meskipun tidak fleksibel, memberikan kedaulatan penuh kepada negara anggota untuk menguasai wilayahnya sehingga tidak memberikan peluang sekecil apa pun untuk mengimplementasikan Kebijakan Udara Terbuka regional. Studi ini mengusulkan suatu kerangka hukum melalui model perjanjian untuk mencari titik temu antara prinsip kedaulatan negara dengan Kebijakan Udara Terbuka.
Kata kunci: ASEAN, Kebijakan Udara Terbuka, Kedaulatan Negara.
Recommended Citation
Heriyanto, Dodik Setiawan Nur and Putro, Yaries Mahardika
(2019)
"Challenges and Opportunities of the Establishment ASEAN Open Skies Policy,"
Padjadjaran Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law): Vol. 6:
No.
3, Article 8.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v6n3.a4%0D
Available at:
https://journal.unpad.ac.id/pjih/vol6/iss3/8
References
Abu Daud Busroh, Ilmu Negara, Bumi Aksara, Jakarta, 1993.
Alford, Eugene, The Impact of the 2007 U.S.-EU Open Skies Air Transport Agreement, U.S Department of Commerce, Washington, 2007
Bernhardt, R, ed, Encyclopedia of Public International Law (Discussion of the Term Sovereignty from Aristotle to Present, North-Holland Publishing Company, New York, 1989.
Brattle Group, The Economic Impact of an EU –US Open Aviation Area The Brattle Group Ltd, London, 2002.
Brierly, J. L, The Law of Nations: An Introduction to the International Law of Peace, 1st ed.Clarendon Press, Gloucestershire, 1928.
Brownlie, Ian, Principles of Public International Law, 6th edition, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2003.
Chayes, Abram & Antonia H Chayes, The New Sovereignty: Compliance with International Regulatory Agreements. Harvard University Press. Cambridge. 1995.
Dempsey, Paul Stephen, Public International Air Law, Mc Gill University, Montreal, 2008.
Diederiks-Verschoor, I. H. Ph, An Introduction to Air Law, Kluwer Law International, The Hague, 1991.
Doganis, Rigas ,The Airline Business. Routledge, London, 2006.
Fachri Mahmud, ASEAN Open Sky dan Tantangan bagi Indonesia, PT.Mahmud Yunus Wadzuriyah, Jakarta, 2012
H.Oum, Dr. Tae, Analysis of Canada’s Bilateral Air Services Agreements: Policy Focus on Asia-Pacific Region, The International Institute of Transport & Logistics (IITL), Victoria, 2008
Haanappel, Peter P. C, The Law and Policy of Air Space and Outer Space: A Comparative Approach, Kluwer Law International, The Hague, 2003.
Krasner, S, Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1999.
Lachs, Manfred, The Law of Outer Space: An Experience In Contemporary Law-Making, Martinus Nijhoff Publisher, The Netherland, 2010.
Lee, Dexter, The European and Southeast Asian Single Aviation Markets, European Union Center in Singapore, Singapore, 2015.
McDougal, Myres S. et. al., Law and Public Order in Space. Yale University Press, Yale, 1963
O’Connell, D. P, International Law, 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press, London, 1970.
Salter, Michael & Mason, Julie, Writing Law Dissertation: An Introduction and Guide to the Conduct of Legal Research, Pearson, Harlow, 2007.
Shaw, Malcolm, International Law, 6th edition, Cambridge University Press London, 2008.
Convention on International Civil Aviation, Chicago, 1944.
International Air Services Transit Agreement, Chicago, 1944.
Protocol to amend the Air Transport Agreement between the United States of America and the European Community and its Member States, signed on 25 and 30 April 2007, Entry into Force 25/8/2010.
Regulation (EC) No 549/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 10 March 2004 laying down the framework for the creation of the Single European sky, OJ L 96 of 31.3.2004.
Regulation (EC) No 550/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 10 March 2004 on the provision of air navigation services in the Single European Sky, OJ L 96 of 31.3.2004.
Regulation (EC) No 551/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 10 March 2004 on the organisation and use of airspace in the Single European sky, OJ L 96 of 31.3.2004.
Regulation (EC) No 552/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 10 March 2004 on the interoperability of the European Air Traffic Management Network, OJ L 96 of 31.3.2004.
The Pan American Convention on Commercial Aviation 1928.
The Single European Sky, European Economic and Social Committee (EESC). 2013.
The U.S.-EU Air Transport Agreement (ATA) of April 30,2007.
Trans-Tasman Single Aviation Market, ICAO Secretariat. July 2017.
Acharya, Amitav, “Culture, Security, Multilateralism: The ‘ASEAN Way’ and Regional Order” Contemporary Security Policy, Vol.19, No.1, 2007, pp.56-58.
ASEAN Secretariat, ASEAN Tourism Marketing Strategy 2017-2020, Jakarta, 2017.
Bowen, John T., “Now Everyone can fly? Scheduled airline services to secondary cities in southeast Asia”, Journal of Air Transport Management, Vol.53, 2016, pp.94-104.
Brandon Mitchener, “Brexit Scenarios for Business Aviation, https://www.gbaa.de/fileadmin/pdf/2018-01_Brexit_and_Business_Aviation.pdf, accessed on May 20th, 2019
Cline, Hannah E., “Hijacking Open Skies: The Line Between Tough Competition and Unfair Advantage in the International Aviation Market”, Journal of Air Law and Commerce, Vol. 81, 2016, pp.529-559.
Cooper, John Cobb., “The Air Navigation Conference, Paris 1910”, Journal of Air Law and Commercial, Vol.19, Issues.2, 1952, pp.127-148.
Debyser, Ariane., Single European Sky, European Parliamentary Research Service, Strasbourg, 2015
Deng, Francis M., “From ‘Sovereignty as Responsibility’ to the ‘Responsibility to Protect”, Global Responsibility to Protect, Vol.2, No.4, 2010, pp.355-356.
Erotokritou, Chrystel., “Sovereignty Over Airspace: International Law, Current Challenges, and Future Developments for Global Aviation”, Inquiries Journal of Social Science, Arts, and Humanities, Vol.4, No.5, 2012, page.40.
Eurocontrol, Evaluation of the Impact of the Single European Sky Initiative on ATM Performance, Performance Review Commission upon the invitation of the European Commission DG-TREN, Brussels, 2006.
European Commission, The Single Europeans Sky Fact Sheet, Eurocontrol, Brussels, 2011.
Findlay, Christopher., “The Trans-Tasman Single Aviation Market”, Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, Vol. 30, No. 3, 1996, pp.329–334.
First Report on the Implementation of the Single Sky Legislation: achievements and the way forward, Commission of the European Communities (CEC), Brussels, 2017
Forstyh, Peter, et.al., “Open Skies in ASEAN”, Journal of Air Transport Management, Vol.12, 2006, pp.143-152.
Forsyth, Peter., Preparing ASEAN for Open Sky, AADCP Regional Economic Policy Support Facility Research Project 02/008, Monash International Pty Ltd, Australia, 2004.
Gee, Chuck Y., “Aviation and Tourism: The Travelling Public”, Transportation Law Journal, Vol.20, No. 1, 1991, pp. 1-7.
Hamilton, Booz Allen., The Economic Impacts of an Open Aviation Area between the EU and the US Final Report, Booz Allen Hamilton Ltd, London, 2007
Hanaoka, Shinya et.al, “Low-cost Carriers Versus Full service Carrires in ASEAN: The Impact of Liberalization policy on Competition”, Journal of Air Transport Management, Vol.40, 2014, pp.96-105.
Hartman & Boscoianu, “Single European Sky – the transformation of the aviation industry based on the dynamic capabilities”, Incas Bulletin, Vol.7, No.1, 2015, page. 98.
Hedlund, Daniel C., “Toward Open Skies: Liberalizing Trade in International Airline Services”, Minnesota Journal of Global Trade, Vol.3, 1994, pp.259-299.
Hughes, William J., “Aerial Intrusions by Civil Airliner and the Use of Force”, Journal of Air and Commerce, Vol. 45, Issue.3, 1980, pp.595-620.
ICAO, “Manual on the Regulation of International Air Transport”, from https://www.icao.int/Meetings/a39/Documents/Provisional_Doc_9626.pdf, accessed on March 25th, 2019
INTERVISTAS, “The Economic Impacts of Air Service Liberalization 2015”, http://www.intervistas.com/wpcontent/uploads/2015/07/The_Economic_Impacts_of_Air_Liberalization_2015.pdf, accesed on 11 April 2019.
Jennifer Meszaros, “Protectionism Still Winning as Liberalization Stalls”, https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/air-transport/2016-02-15/protectionism-still-winning-liberalization-stalls, accessed on February 12th, 2019.
Levine, Michael E., “Airline Competititon in Deregulated Markets: Theory, Firm Strategy, and Public Policy”, Yale Journal on Regulation Vol. 4, No.2, 1987, pp.393-492.
Lykotrafiti, Antigoni., “Liberalisation of International Civil Aviation: Charting the Legal Flightpath”, Elsevier Transport Policy, Vol.43, 2015, pp.85-88.
Mott Macdonald, “ASEAN Open Skies Impact Assessment”, https://www.mottmac.com/article/3964/asean-open-skies-impact-assessment, accessed on 23 February 2019
Nurhendiarni, Sri et.al., “The effect of ASEAN Open Skies policy 2015 Upon Opportunities for Low-Cost Carriers in Indonesia – A Case Study of PT.Citilink”, The South East Asian Journal of Management SEAM, Vol.9, No.1, 2015, pp.34-51.
OECD, Air Service Agreement Liberalisation and Airline Alliances, https://www.itf-oecd.org/sites/default/files/docs/14airserviceagreements.pdf, accessed on May 21st, 2019.
Pitfield, D.E., “The assessment of the EU-US open skies agreement: the counterfactual and other difficulties”, Journal of Air Transport Management, Vol.15, 2009, pp.308-314.
Report dated 21 December 2006 from Eurocontrol's Performance Review Commission on the "Evaluation of the impact of the Single European Sky initiative on ATM performance
Schless, Adam L., “Open Skies: Loosening The Protectionist Grip on International Civil Aviation”, Emory International Law Review, Vol.8, 1994, page.435.
Silalahi, Sahat Aditua F. & Wirabrata, Achmad., “Strategi dalam Menghadapi ASEAN Open Sky 2015”, Jurnal Ekonomi & Kebijakan Publik, Vol.4.No.1, 2013, pp.59-73.
Smyth, Mark & Pearce, Brian. , Airline Liberalisation: IATA Economics Briefing No. 7, International Air Transport Association, Montreal, 2007.
Stanescu, Daniel., “Single European Sky – The Solution For An Air Traffic Management Adapted To The Challenges of This Century”, Review of the Air Force Academy, Vol.33,No.1, 2017, pp.137-148.
Tan, Alan Khee-Jin., “The ASEAN Multilateral Agreement on Air Services: En Route to Open Skies?”, Journal of Air Transport Management, Vol.16, Issue.6, 2010, pp.289-294.
the European Commission, All-Causes Delay to Air Transport in Europe, Brussels, 2017.
Towards ASEAN Open Sky, MIDF Research, Malaysia, 2014.
US Department of State, Open Skies Agreement Highlights, https://2001-2009.state.gov/e/eeb/rls/fs/2006/208.html, accessed on March 23rd, 2019.
Wassenbergh, H. A., “The Application of International Trade Principles to Air Transport”, Air and Space Law, Vol.12, Issue. 2, 1987, pp.84-93.
Wee, Datuk Dr. Victor., Impact of Air Services Liberalisation on Growth of Tourism in Asia, Proceeding 6th UNWTO International Meeting on Silk Road Tourism, Gansu, 1-3 August 2013.
Winnie Yoh, et. Al, “ASEAN on Track for Open Skies Policy”, http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/03/19/asean-track-open-skies-policy.html, accessed on February 12th, 2019.
Winston, Clifford & Jia Yan., “Open Skies: Estimating Travelers Benefits from Free Trade in Airline Services”, American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, Vol. 7, No.2 , 2015, pp. 410-414.
Wiradipradja, E. Saefullah., “Open Skies Policy: The Developing Countries Points of view”, Jurnal Hukum Internasional, Vol. 8, No.1, 2010, pp.8-37.
Working Paper Conference on The Economics of Airports and Air Navigation Services, International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). No.56. Montreal, 15-20 September 2008.
World Travel & Tourism Council, Travel & Tourism Economic Impact 2017 South East Asia, 2017.
DOI
https://doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v6n3.a4%0D
