•  
  •  
 

Abstract

The Citarum River is one of the most strategic rivers in West Java Province, Indonesia. It has been a major water supplier for various agricultural and industrial needs. Unfortunately, human activity increases around the watershed. Thus, the water quality of the river decreases due to pollution. The central and regional governments launched the Citarum Harum program to reduce pollution in the Citarum River. One of the main issues of the program is related to environmental law enforcement. A lengthy process, high case costs, and light sanctions make law enforcement through the courts ineffective. This study discusses whether the environmental law enforcement in the Citarum River is smart enforcement. The study used normative empirical legal analysis with a juridical approach. This study concludes that the government should plan the law enforcement by means of Smart Enforcement strategy to make the enforcement more effective and efficient. It will provide clearer directions to law enforcement officers in the law enforcement. In addition, the efforts to carry out effective and efficient environmental law enforcement need more human and financial resources.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v10n1.a3

References

Books

Boer, Ben. “Environmental Law in Southeast Asia.” in Routledge Handbook of the Environment in Southeast Asia, Philip Hirsch (eds). Abingdon: Routledge, 2018.

Direktorat Jenderal Pengendalian Pencemaran dan Kerusakan Lingkungan Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan. Buku Kajian Daya Tampung dan Alokasi Beban Pencemaran Sungai Citarum. Jakarta: The Ministry of Environment and Forestry, 2017.

Gunningham, Neil and Darren Sinclair. “Smart Regulation.” in Regulatory Theory by Peter Drahos (eds). Acton ACT: Australian National University Press, 2017.

Hamzah, Andi. Penegakan Hukum Lingkungan. Bandung: PT Alumni, 2016.

Neyret, Laurent, “France” in The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Environmental Law by Lees, Emma and Jorge E. Viñuales (eds). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019.

Sollund, Ragnhild, Christoph H. Stefes, and Anna Rita Germani (eds). Fighting Environmental Crime in Europe and Beyond: The Role of The EU and Its Member States. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.

Other Documents

Astriani, Nadia and Yulinda Adharani. “Fungsi Izin Dalam Pengendalian Pencemaran Lingkungan Studi Kasus: Gugatan Penerbitan Izin Pembuangan Limbah Cair di Sungai Cikijing.” Jurnal Hukum Lingkungan Indonesia 3, no. 1 (2016): 107-132. https://doi.org/10.38011/jhli.v3i1.36.

Baihaki, Eki. “Citarum Harum dan Pentahelix yang Memudar.” Accessed on July 29, 2022. https://regional.kompas.com/read/2022/07/29/12202981/citarum-harum-dan-pentahelix-yang-memudar?page=all.

Blacksmith Institute and Green Cross Switzerland. “The World Worst 2013: The Top Ten Toxic Threats, Cleanup, Progress, and Ongoing Challenges.” Last modified November 4, 2013. https://www.worstpolluted.org/2013-press-release.html.

Blanc, Florentin and Michael Faure. “Smart Enforcement: Theory and Practice.” European Journal of Law Reform 20, no. 4 (2018): 78-103. https://doi.org/10.5553/EJLR/138723702018020004004.

Citarum Harum Juara, “Ridwan Kamil, Kesadaran Masyarakat Menjaga Lingkungan Citarum Semakin Tinggi.” Last modified January 27, 2021.

https://citarumharum.jabarprov.go.id/ridwan-kamil-kesadaran-masyarakat-menjaga-lingkungan-citarum-semakin-tinggi/.

Citarum Task Force, “Revised Action Plan for Pollution control and damage of Citarum Watershed Action Plan- 2021-2025, appendix I to Regulation of the Governor of West Java Number 37 of 2021 Concerning Amendments to Regulation of the Governor of West Java Number 28 of 2019 concerning Action Plans to Control Pollution and Damage to the Citarum River Basin in 2019-2025.” Last modified April 4, 2021. https://citarumharum.jabarprov.go.id/renaksi/.

Citarum Watershed Pollution and Damage Control Task Force. “Executive Summary, Action Plan for Pollution and Damage Control of the Citarum Watershed.” Last modified April 4, 2021. https://citarumharum.jabarprov.go.id/eusina/uploads/docs/ringkasan_renaksi.pdf.

Djuyandi, Yusa and Dhuwi Hendradjaja. “Military Operation Other Than War (MOOTW): Military and Civilian Synergy to Support the Citarum River Revitalization Program.” Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education 12, no. 7 (2021): 2122 - 2129.

Engkus (et.al.). “Penta-Helix Perspective: The Pollution Control of the River Watershed (DAS) Citarum Indonesia.” Accessed on January 28, 2022, https://sciendo.com/chapter/9788366675827/10.2478/9788366675827-035.

Gunningham, Neil and Cameron Holley. “Next-Generation Environmental Regulation: Law, Regulation, and Governance.” Annual Review of Law and Social Science 12, no. 1 (2016): 273-293. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-110615-084651.

Herdiana, Iman. “Bandung Belum Bebas Buang Air Besar Sembarangan, Ada Pandangan yang Salah pada Sungai,” Accessed on November 5, 2022. https://bandungbergerak.id/article/detail/14654/bandung-belum-bebasbuang-air-besar sembarangan-ada-pandangan-yang-salah-pada-sungai.

Iqbal, Donny. “Aksi Menanti Putusan ‘Melawan Limbah’ Rancaekek.” Last modified April 30, 2016. https://www.mongabay.co.id/2016/04/30/aksi-menanti-putusan-melawan-limbah-rancaekek/.

Kamilah, Anita. “Pelaksanaan Tri Dharma Perguruan Tinggi Melalui Kerjasama Penta Helix dalam Percepatan Pengendalian Pencemaran dan Kerusakan Wilayah Sungai Citarum.” Last modified October 15, 2020. https://prosiding-pkmcsr.org/index.php/pkmcsr/issue/download/3/7.

Naibaho, Natalia. “Rethinking the Ultimum Remedium Principle to Support Justice and Strong Law Enforcement Institutions on Environmental Crimes.” Journal of Environmental Science and Sustainable Development Symposium 716, no. 1 (2021): 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/716/1/012068.

Permadi, I Made Ari and R.A. Retno Murni. “Dampak Pencemaran Lingkungan Akibat Limbah dan Upaya Penanggulangannya di Kota Denpasar.” Jurnal Kertha Negara 1, no. 6 (2013): 1-5.

Setianti, Yanti (et.al.). “The Information Distribution of Citarum Fragrant Program to the Community and People of Bandung Regency of West Java Indonesia.” Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal) 3616 (2019): 1-9. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/3616.

Sihombing, Agung Kurniawan. “Penegakan Hukum terhadap Pencemaran Lingkungan di Sungai Cikijing, Jawa Barat Akibat Aktivitas Industri Tekstil PT Kahatex.” Jurnal Hukum Lingkungan Indonesia 7, no. 1 (2020): 98-117. https://doi.org/10.38011/jhli.v7i1.209.

Syaifudin, Teuku Muhammad Guci. “Sungai Cikijing Tercemar Puluhan Tahun, Ini Dampak yang Dirasakan Masyarakat.” Last modified April 28, 2016. http://www.tribunnews.com/regional/2016/04/28/sungai-cikijing-tercemar-puluhan-tahun-ini-dampak-yang-dirasakan-masyarakat.

Syarifah, Nur (et.al.). “Assessment Report on Court Decisions on Environmental Cases.” Last modified July 2020. https://leip.or.id/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Buku-ASSESSMENT-REPORTON-COURT DECISIONSON-ENVIRONMENTAL-CASES_ISBN.pdf.

Titiyoga, Gabriel. “Citarum, Sungai Paling Tercemar di Bumi.” Last modified November 7, 2013. https://m.tempo.co/read/news/2013/11/07/173527891/citarum-sungai-paling-tercemar-di-bumi.

United Nations Environment Program and China ASEAN Environmental Cooperation Centre. “Enforcement of Environmental Law: Good Practices from Africa, Central Asia, ASEAN Countries and China.” Last modified May 19-22, 2014. https://www.unep.org/resources/report/enforcement-environmental-law good-practices-africa-central-asia-asean-countries.

Wibisana, Andri Gunawan. “Tentang Ekor yang Tak Lagi Beracun: Kritik Konseptual Atas Sanksi Administratif Dalam Hukum Lingkungan di Indonesia.” Jurnal Hukum Lingkungan Indonesia 6, no. 1 (2019): 41-71. https://doi.org/10.38011/jhli.v6i1.123.

______________________. “Instrumen Ekonomi, Command and Control, dan Instrumen lainnya: Kawan atau Lawan.” Jurnal Bina Hukum Lingkungan 4, no. 1 (2019): 173-197. https://doi.org/10.24970/bhl.v4i1.104.

Zakiah, Neneng and Yogi Suprayogi. “Strategi Tata Kelola Dinamis Dalam Pola Pengendalian Pencemaran dan Kerusakan di Tepian Sungai Citarum (DAS).” Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan: Kajian Ilmu Pemerintahan dan Politik Daerah 5, no. 2 (2020): 56-71. https://doi.org/10.24905/jip.5.2.2020.56-71.

Legal Documents

The District Court of Bandung City, Decision Number 333/Pid.B/LH/2021/Pn.Bdg [Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Kota Bandung 333/Pid.B/LH/2021/Pn.Bdg].

The District Court of Bandung City, Decision Number 700/Pid.B-LH/2020/Pn.Bdg [Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Kota Bandung 700/Pid.B-LH/2020/Pn.Bdg].

The Regulation of the Governor of West Java Number 28 of 2019 on the Action Plan for Control of Pollution and Damage to the Citarum River Flows For 2019-2025 [Peraturan Gubernur Provinsi Jawa Barat Nomor 28 Tahun 2019 tentang Rencana Aksi Pengendalian Pencemaran Dan Kerusakan Daerah Aliran Sungai Citarum Tahun 2019-2025].

The Regulation of the Governor of West Java Number 37 of 2021 on the Amendment to the Regulation of the Governor of West Java Number 28 of 2019 on the Action Plan for Control of Pollution and Damage to the Citarum River Flows for 2019-2025 [Peraturan Gubernur Provinsi Jawa Barat Nomor 37 Tahun 2021 tentang Perubahan Atas Peraturan Gubernur Jawa Barat Nomor 28 Tahun 2019 Tentang Rencana Aksi Pengendalian Pencemaran Dan Kerusakan Daerah Aliran Sungai Citarum Tahun 2019-2025].

The District Court of Bale Bandung, Decision Number 247/Pdt.G/LH/2019/Pn.Blb. on the Ministry of Environment and Forestry v the Kawi Mekar [Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Bale Bandung 247/Pdt.G/LH/2019/Pn.Blb].

The District Court of Bale Bandung, Decision Number 249/Pdt.G/LH/2020/Pn.Blb. on the Ministry of Environment and Forestry v PT Bina Usaha Cipta Prima [Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Bale Bandung 249/Pdt.G/LH/2020/Pn.Blb].

The District Court of North Jakarta, Decision Number 735/Pdt.G-LH/2018/Pn.Jkt.Utr on the Ministry of Environment and Forestry v PT How Are You Indonesia [Pengadilan Negeri Jakarta Utara 735/Pdt.G-LH/2018/Pn.Jkt.Utr].

The Law Number 17 of 2019 on Water Resources [Undang-Undang No. 17 Tahun 2019 tentang Sumber Daya Air].

The Law Number 32 of 2009 on Environmental Protection and Management [Undang-Undang No. 32 Tahun 2009 tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup].

DOI

https://doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v10n1.a3%20%20

Share

COinS